Food poisoning
Food poisoning is the result of eating food contaminated with bacteria or other toxins. Symptoms include diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach cramps, and generally start 4 - 36 hours after eating contaminated food. While many cases are caused by bacteria, some cases can result from eating poisonous plants (some mushrooms, for instance) and animals (pufferfish). Food poisoning is not uncommon, especially during summer when food may not be kept cold enough to prevent bacteria from growing.
Signs and Symptoms
The typical signs of food poisoning are nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea. Specific bacteria may cause these signs and symptoms:
-
Clostridium botulinum
(
C. botulinum
, or botulism): weakness, blurred vision, sensitivity to light, double vision, paralyzed eye nerves, difficulty speaking, trouble swallowing, paralysis that spreads downward, respiratory failure, death
-
Salmonella
spp.,
Shigella
spp., and
Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni)
: fever, chills, bloody diarrhea
-
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
: hemorrhagic colitis (diarrhea with very little stool and large amounts of blood). E. coli symptoms may appear as long as 3 days after eating contaminated food.
-
Mushroom poisoning can affect the liver, the neurological system (brain), or the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms include stomach flu, delirium (confusion), vision difficulties, heart muscle problems, kidney failure, and death of liver tissue. It causes death in about half of the people affected unless treated right away.
Fish poisoning causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dizziness, and headache. Specific types of fish poisoning can cause other signs and symptoms, such as:
-
Ciguatera: numbness or tingling around the mouth, feeling of loose teeth, impaired touch sensation of hot as cold and cold as hot, itching, muscle and joint pain, slow heart rate, low blood pressure. Caused by toxins in some fish, including grouper, snapper, mackerel, barracuda.
-
Pufferfish poisoning: numbness or tingling around the mouth, trouble coordinating movement, difficulty swallowing, excess saliva, twitching, loss of ability to talk, convulsions, paralysis that spreads upward, respiratory failure, death
-
Shellfish poisoning: numbness or tingling around the mouth or in the arms and legs, trouble swallowing, difficulty speaking. Caused by toxins in algae that are then eaten by shellfish.
What Causes It?
Usually bacteria and algae cause food poisoning
.
But sometimes poisonous plants and animals are the cause.
Common bacterial toxins include:
-
E. coli
in undercooked hamburger, unpasteurized apple juice or cider, raw milk, contaminated water (or ice), vegetables fertilized by cow manure; can be spread from person to person.
-
Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes)
in cole slaw, dairy products (mostly soft cheeses from outside the United States), and cold, processed meats
-
Salmonella
spp. in poultry, beef, eggs, or dairy products
-
Shigella
spp. from raw vegetables or cool, moist foods (such as potato and egg salads) that are handled after cooking
-
Staphylococcus aureus
(S. aureus)
in salad dressing, ham, eggs, custard-filled pastries, mayonnaise, and potato salad. Usually from the hands of food handlers.
-
C. jejuni
in raw milk and chicken
-
C. botulinum
in improperly home-canned foods. In children under 1 year of age, mostly from honey but also from corn syrup.
-
Clostridium perfringens
(C. perfringens)
in meat and poultry dishes and gravies, mostly foods that were cooked more than 24 hours before eating and were not reheated well enough
-
V. cholerae
in bivalve (two-shelled) shellfish (such as mussels, clams, oysters, and scallops), raw shellfish, and crustaceans (such as lobsters, shrimp, and crabs)
Common types of fish poisoning include:
-
Scombroid poisoning from bacteria in dark-meat fish (tuna, bonito, skipjack, mahi-mahi, mackerel) that are not refrigerated well
-
Ciguatera poisoning in tropical fish (grouper, surgeonfish, snapper, barracuda, moray eel) that have eaten toxic plankton
-
Puffer fish poisoning from the organs and flesh of puffer fish
-
Poisoning from shellfish that feed on certain algae
Mushroom poisoning occurs from eating wild poisonous mushrooms, especially
Amanita phalloides.
Who's Most At Risk?
Infants and the elderly are at greater risk for food poisoning. Other risk factors include:
-
Having a pre-existing medical condition, such as chronic kidney failure or diabetes
-
Taking antibiotic or antihistamine medicines
-
Having sickle-cell anemia and other problems with red blood cells
-
Weakened immune system
-
Traveling in an area where contamination is more likely
Listeriosis is most common in pregnant women, fetuses, and people with immune problems. When a fetus is infected with listeria, the fetus may be born prematurely or die.
What to Expect at Your Provider's Office
Your health care provider will examine you for signs and symptoms of food poisoning, such as stomach problems, and of dehydration. Your health care provider may also ask about foods you have eaten recently, where you may have traveled, and if you have had contact with people showing similar symptoms. Tests of your vomit, blood, and stool can identify the cause. In the case of botulism, electromyography (a test to measure electric impulses in the muscles) may be done to confirm the diagnosis. A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) may be done to check for signs and symptoms related to central nervous system disorders.
Treatment Options
Prevention
These steps can help prevent food poisoning:
-
Wash your hands and clean any dishes or utensils when you are making or serving food.
-
Promptly refrigerate any food you will not be eating right away.
-
If you take care of young children, wash your hands often and dispose of diapers carefully so that bacteria can't spread to other surfaces or people.
-
If you make canned food at home, make sure to follow proper canning techniques to prevent botulism.
-
Don't feed honey to children under 1 year of age.
-
Don't eat wild mushrooms.
-
When traveling where contamination is more likely, eat only hot, freshly cooked food. Boil water before drinking. Don't eat raw vegetables or unpeeled fruit.
-
Always refrigerate fish.
-
Don't eat tropical fish caught during blooms of poison plankton.
-
Eat pufferfish only in specially licensed restaurants with chefs trained to cook it.
-
Don't eat shellfish exposed to red tides.
If others also may have eaten a food that made you sick, let them know. If you think the food was contaminated when you bought it from a store or restaurant, tell the staff and your local health department.
Treatment Plan
Treatment for most cases consists of rehydration -- replacing fluids and electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride). While experiencing vomiting and diarrhea, the person should avoid solid food but increase clear liquids. In more severe cases, a person may need help either breathing or stopping vomiting. In most cases, health care providers do not prescribe antibiotics because they may prolong diarrhea. If you have eaten certain toxins (such as from mushrooms or shellfish), your health care provider may take steps to clean out your stomach (a process called lavage, or pumping the stomach) and administer activated charcoal, which can help absorb the remaining toxin.
Drug Therapies
Depending on the symptoms and the cause of food poisoning, a health care provider may prescribe drugs, including:
-
Antibiotics, in certain cases
-
Antitoxin to neutralize toxins from
C. botulinum
(only given within the first 72 hours)
-
Amitriptyline to control the numbness and tingling from ciguatera poisoning
-
Apomorphine or ipecac syrup to cause vomiting and help rid the body of toxin
-
Atropine for mushroom poisoning
-
Diphenhydramine and cimetidine for fish poisoning
-
Mannitol for nerve-related symptoms of ciguatera poisoning
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
Anyone suffering from severe food poisoning should seek conventional medical treatment. Complementary and alternative therapies are best used to strengthen the body and aid in the prevention of food poisoning. For example, animal studies have shown that certain vitamins and nutrients may be effective in protecting against some food toxins while others may actually worsen the effects of toxins. Milk thistle is an herb commonly used in Europe as a primary treatment for mushroom poisoning. Homeopathy may help in the treatment of diarrhea in children (which is sometimes caused by food poisoning) in developing countries.
Nutrition
The following general nutritional guidelines may be helpful in the case of food poisoning:
-
Drink plenty of fluids (to prevent dehydration).
-
Drink barley or rice water (to soothe inflamed stomach or intestine).
-
Probiotics, such as
Lactobacillus acidophilus
and
Lactobacillus bulgaricus,
can help restore the balance of good bacteria in the intestine. If you are traveling to an area where the food and water may be contaminated, in addition to taking the precautions above, taking probiotics both before and during your trip may help maintain intestinal health.
-
Apple cider vinegar is a traditional remedy that has not been studied scientifically, but may have some antimicrobial properties. Mix 2 tsp. in one cup warm water and drink several times a day.
For specific types of food poisoning:
-
Alpha-lipoic acid -- Several reports indicate that alpha-lipoic acid, an antioxidant commonly found in broccoli, spinach, and beef, may be helpful in the treatment of
Amanita
(mushroom) poisoning, especially when combined with milk thistle (
Silybum marianum).
It is important to receive medical treatment if you suspect mushroom poisoning. Do not try to self-treat.
-
Vitamin A -- Studies with rats seem to show that vitamin A offered some protection against salmonella. Rats infected with
Salmonella
appeared to eliminate the bacteria from their bodies faster when pretreated with vitamin A than with placebo, according to one study. They also gained more weight and had a greater immune response than rats given placebo.
-
Calcium phosphate -- One animal study suggests that rats receiving calcium phosphate supplements may be protected from
Salmonella
poisoning. Researchers theorize that calcium phosphate helps boost
Lactobacillus
, the good bacteria found in the intestine, which helps fight off
Salmonella
.
Supplements to avoid:
-
Fish oil -- In a study of mice infected with the bacteria
Listeria,
animals that regularly consumed diets rich in fish oil had significantly more bacteria in their spleens than animals that consumed diets rich in lard or soybean oil. Until researchers can determine what these results mean to humans, people with
Listeria
infection should avoid foods containing fish oil.
Herbs
Various herbs have been used traditionally to treat different types of food poisoning, though in most cases scientific studies on their effectiveness are lacking.
Milk thistle (
Silybum marianum)
is often used for liver disorders and is widely used in Europe to treat
Amanita
mushroom poisoning
.
Studies have shown that patients with
Amanita
poisoning can be effectively treated with silibinin (the primary active component of milk thistle) up to 48 hours after eating the deadly mushrooms.
Animal studies of Chinese and Japanese combination herbal remedies used for
Listeria
suggest they may be effective for food poisoning. A few of the active ingredients include:
-
Asian ginseng (
Panax ginseng
)
-
Astragalus root (
Astragalus membranaceus
)
-
Chinese cinnamon bark (
Cinnamomum aromaticum
)
-
Ginger root (
Zingiber officinale
)
-
Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra)
-
Peony root (
Paeonia officinalis
)
-
Skullcap (
Scutellaria lateriflora
)
Seek the advice of a trained and licensed herbalist or practitioner of Traditional Chinese Medicine who will guide your individual treatment. Do not self-treat with these herbs. Some of these herbs should not be taken if you have heart disease or high blood pressure or take blood-thinning medication. In addition, some of these herbs interact with other herbs, supplements, and prescription medications, so it is important to make sure all your health care providers know what you are taking.
Laboratory (test tube) studies suggest that the following herbs have antibacterial or antimicrobial properties, although there is no evidence they are effective for treating food poisoning in humans.
-
Bittervine
(
Mikania micrantha)
-
Goldenseal
(Hydrastis canadensis)
-
Oregon grape
(Mahonia aquifolium)
-
Chamomile
(Matricaria recutita)
Barberry (
Berberis vulgaris
) has also been used traditionally to treat diarrhea from infectious causes such as
E. coli
and
V. cholera
.
Homeopathy
No studies have examined the effectiveness of homeopathic remedies for food poisoning. Before prescribing a remedy, homeopaths take into account a person's constitutional type -- your physical, emotional, and intellectual makeup. An experienced homeopath assesses all of these factors when determining the most appropriate remedy for a particular individual. Below are some more common remedies for food poisoning or diarrhea.
-
Arsenicum album
-- for foul-smelling diarrhea from food poisoning or traveler's diarrhea with burning sensation in the abdomen and around the anus. This remedy is most appropriate for individuals who feel exhausted yet restless and whose symptoms tend to worsen in the cold and improve with warmth. Vomiting may also occur.
Arsenicum
may also be used to prevent diarrhea when traveling.
-
Chamomilla
-- for greenish, frothy stool that smells like rotten eggs. Used primarily for children, especially those who are irritable, argumentative, and difficult to console.
-
Calcarea carbonica
-- for children who fear being in the dark or alone and who perspire heavily while sleeping. Sools have a sour odor.
-
Podophyllum
-- for explosive, gushing, painless diarrhea that becomes worse after eating or drinking. Exhaustion often follows bowel movements, and the individual for whom this remedy is appropriate may experience painful cramps in lower extremities.
-
Sulphur
-- for irritable and weepy children. May have a red ring around the anus and diarrhea with the odor of rotten eggs.
Prognosis/Possible Complications
Most cases of food poisoning are mild and clear up on their own. However, with mushroom poisoning, up to half of people may die. With botulism, less than 10% die. Some people may need help breathing for months afterwards. More than half of poisonings from pufferfish are fatal. Death is rare in other fish poisonings, but nerve-related symptoms can continue for months.
The following are some possible after-effects of food poisoning:
-
After shigellosis, white blood cell problems and kidney problems
-
After
E. coli
infection, kidney problems and bleeding problems
-
After botulism, long hospital stays (1 - 10 months) with fatigue and difficulty breathing for 1- 2 years or respiratory failure
-
After salmonellosis, Reiter syndrome (an arthritis-like disease) and inflammation of the heart lining
-
After campylobacteriosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome (a nerve disease)
Following Up
For a severe case of food poisoning, you may need to stay in the hospital to receive fluids and electrolytes, and so health care providers can monitor your breathing. Doctors may need to intubate (insert a tube down the throat) or connect you to a machine to help with breathing. Dialysis may be required. Cathartics (substances that help the body remove waste), enemas, and lavage may help eliminate toxins.
Supporting Research
Beers MH, Porter RS, et al.
The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy.
18th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories; 2006:1642-1644.
Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J, eds.
Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs
. Boston, Mass: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000:257.
Bovee-Oudenhoven IM, Wissink ML, Wouters JT, Van der Meer R. Dietary calcium phosphate stimulates intestinal lactobacilli and decreases the severity of a salmonella infection in rats.
J Nutr
. 1999;129:607-612.
Duncan SH, Flint HJ, Stewart CS. Inhibitory activity of gut bacteria against
Escherichia
coli
0157 mediated by dietary plant metabolites.
FEMS Microbiol Lett
. 1998;164:238-288.
Facey PC, Pascoe KO, Porter RB, Jones AD. Investigation of plants used in Jamaican folk medicine for anti-bacterial activity.
J Pharm Pharmacol
. 1999;51:1455-1460.
Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, et al., eds.
Harrison's Principles of Internal
Medicine.
14th ed. Vol. 1. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 1998:796-801, 876-880, 904-905.
Fritsche KL, Shahbazian LM, Feng C, Berg JN. Dietary fish oil reduces survival and impairs bacterial clearance in C3H/Hen mice challenged with
Listeria
monocytogenes.
Clin Sci
. 1997;92:95-101.
Gabriel EP, Lindquist BL, Abud RL, Merrick JM, Lebenthal E. Effect of vitamin A deficiency on the adherence of fimbriated and nonfimbriated
Salmonella typhimurium
to isolated small intestinal enterocytes.
J Ped Gastroenterol Nutr
. 1990;10:530-535.
Hatchigian EA, Santon JE, Broitman SA, Vitale JJ. Vitamin A supplementation improves macrophage function and bacterial clearance during experimental
Salmonella
infection.
PSEBM
. 1989;191:47-54.
Hruby K, Csomos G, Fuhrmann M, Thaler H. Chemotherapy of
Amanita phalloides
poisoning with intravenous silibinin.
Hum Exp Toxicol
. 1983;2(2):183-195.
Irons R, Anderson MJ, Zhang M, Fritsche KL. Dietary fish oil impairs primary host resistance against Listeria monocytogenes more than the immunological memory response.
J. Nutr.
2003 Apr;133:1163-1169.
Jacobs J, Jiménez M, Malthouse S, Chapman E, Crothers D, Masuk M, Jonas WB. Homeopathic treatment of acute childhood diarrhea: results from a clinical trial in Nepal.
J Altern Complement Med.
2000;6(2):131-139.
Jonas WB, Jacobs J.
Healing with Homeopathy: The Doctors' Guide.
New York, NY: Warner Books; 1996: 218-220.
Murray PR, et al.
Manual of Clinical Microbiology
. 7th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 1999:356-359.
Rabbani GH, Butler T, Knight J, Sanyal SC, Alam K. Randomized controlled trial of berberine sulfate therapy for diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. J Infect Dis. 1987 May;155(5):979-984.
Rosen P, et al.
Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical
Practice
. 4th ed. Vol. 3. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 1998:1931-1938, 2513-2516, 2178-2179.
Sabeel AI, Kurkus J, Lindholm T. Intensive hemodialysis and hemoperfusion treatment of
Amanita
mushroom poisoning.
Mycopathologia
. 1995;131(2):107-114.
Ullman D.
Homeopathic Medicine for Children and Infants.
New York, NY: Penguin Putnam; 1992: 75-77.
Ullman D.
The Consumer's Guide to Homeopathy.
New York, NY: Penguin Putnam; 1995: 243-245.
Verma RJ, Shalini M. Ochratoxin A-induced cytotoxicity to human red blood cells and its prevention by certain vitamins.
Med Sci Res
. 1997;25(12):833-834.
Yonekura K, Kawakita T, Mitsuyama M, Miura O, Yumioka E, Suzuki A, Nomoto K. Induction of colony-stimulating factor(s) after administration of a traditional Chinese medicine, xiao-chai-hu-tang (Japanese name: shosaiko-to).
Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol
. 1990;12(4):647-667.
Yonekura K, Kawakita T, Saito Y, Suzuki A, Nomoto K. Augmentation of host resistance to
Listeria
monocytogenes infection by a traditional Chinese medicine, ren-shen-yang-rong-tang (Japanese name: ninjin-youei-to).
Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol
. 1992;14(1-2):165-190.
-
Review Date:
12/17/2006
-
Reviewed By: Steven D. Ehrlich, N.M.D., private practice specializing in complementary and alternative medicine, Phoenix, AZ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.
|
A.D.A.M., Inc. is accredited by URAC, also known as the American Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's
accreditation program
is the first of its kind, requiring compliance with 53 standards of quality and accountability, verified by independent audit. A.D.A.M. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s
editorial process
. A.D.A.M. is also a founding member of Hi-Ethics (www.hiethics.com) and subscribes to the principles of the Health on the Net Foundation (www.hon.ch).
|
The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997-2007
A.D.A.M., Inc. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited.
