Antiretroviral medications - reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Medications
Depletions
Copper
Although copper deficiency is rare, signs and symptoms of long-term depletion of copper include anemia, changes in the structure and appearance of hair, heart damage, growth retardation, impaired bone formation, osteoporosis (bone loss), and emphysema (lung disease).
Zinc
Signs and symptoms of zinc deficiency include loss of appetite or sense of taste, growth retardation, skin changes, and increased susceptibility to infection.
Editorial Note
The selected depletions information presented here identifies some of the nutrients that may be depleted by certain medications. The signs and symptoms associated with nutrient deficiency may also indicate conditions other than nutrient deficiency. If you are experiencing any of the signs or symptoms mentioned, it does not necessarily mean that you are nutrient deficient. Nutrient depletion depends upon a number of factors, including your medical history, diet, and lifestyle as well as the length of time you have been taking the medication. Please consult your healthcare provider; he or she can best assess and address your individual healthcare needs, and determine if you are at risk for nutrient depletions from these medications as well as others not listed here.
Supporting Research
Ames BN. Micronutrient deficiencies: A major cause of DNA damage.
Ann NY Acad Sci
. 2000;889:87-106.
Baum, MK, et al. Zidovudine-associated adverse reactions in a longitudinal study of asymptomatic HIV-1 infected homosexual males.
J. Acquir. Defic. Syndr.
4(12):1218-1226, 1991.
Chung S, Choi J, Hyun T, Rha Y, Bae C. Alterations in the carnitine metabolism in epileptic children treated with valproic acid.
JKMS
. 1997;12:553-558.
Coulter DL. Carnitine, valproate, toxicity.
J Child Neurol
. 1991;61(1):7-14.
Falchuk KH. Disturbances in Trace Elements. In: Fauci A, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, et al, eds.
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
. 14th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies Health Professional Division; 1998:490-491.
Hambidge M. Human zinc deficiency.
J Nutr
. 2000;130(5S Suppl):1344S-1349S.
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Review Date:
10/1/2000
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Reviewed By: All depletions monographs have been reviewed by a team of experts including Derrick M. DeSilva, Jr., MD, Raritan Bay Medical Center, Perth Amboy, NJ; Jacqueline A. Hart, MD, Department of Internal Medicine, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Harvard University and Senior Medical Editor, A.D.A.M., Inc., Boston, MA; John Hinze, PharmD, NMD, Woodbine, IA; Ruth Marlin, MD, Medical Director and Director of Medical Education, Preventive Medicine Research Institute, Sausalito, CA; Brian T Sanderoff, PD, BS in Pharmacy, Clinical Assistant Professor, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy; President, Your Prescription for Health, Owings Mills, MD; Leonard Wisneski, MD, FACP, George Washington University, Rockville, MD; Ira Zunin, MD, MPH, MBA, President and Chairman, Hawaii State Consortium for Integrative Medicine, Honolulu, HI.
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